Stage 3: independently tested.
The rule that placed itSomeone other than the maker has tested it: an independent benchmark, a peer-reviewed paper, or a hands-on test by a trusted outlet.
The evidenceStanford researchers found leading legal AI tools gave incorrect information more than 17% of the time, and one more than 34%. Stanford HAI and RegLab, May 23, 2024.
A stage says how far the evidence has got. It is not a rating of the AI and not advice.
- 1ClaimedNo evidence yet
- 2LaunchedNo evidence yet
- 3Independently testedPlaced here
- 4Tested with real peopleNo evidence yet
- 5Regulator-clearedNo approval process exists
- 6Widely used with a verified recordNo evidence yet
Everything we found.
In ladder order, newest first within each kind. Makers' own claims are labeled as theirs.
What independent tests found
- Stanford RegLab and HAI
Stanford researchers found leading legal AI tools gave incorrect information more than 17% of the time, and one more than 34%.
“the Lexis+ AI and Ask Practical Law AI systems produced incorrect information more than 17% of the time,”
Stanford HAI and RegLab · May 23, 2024
Not found in our sources yet: what the makers claim; what has launched; tested with real people; how many people use it. No regulator approves AI for this task, so the approval step doesn't apply.
Track record and tools.
Failures and court cases are shown beside the stage, never folded into it. Tools are listed because the evidence names them, in no order of merit.
court decisions with AI-invented content.
AI Hallucination Cases database (Damien Charlotin) · Oct 16, 2026
- Lexis+ AILexisNexis
- Ask Practical Law AIThomson Reuters
Can AI do these yet?

Answer my health questions
Stage 4 of 6Tested with real people
Randomized trial: chatbot users made no better health decisions

Spot breast cancer on a mammogram
Stage 5 of 6Regulator-cleared
Transpara has been FDA-cleared since 2018, most recently in Aug 2026

Check a mole for skin cancer
Stage 5 of 6Regulator-cleared
EU Class III CE mark lets DERM clear benign cases alone (company)
