Stage 3: independently tested.
The rule that placed itSomeone other than the maker has tested it: an independent benchmark, a peer-reviewed paper, or a hands-on test by a trusted outlet.
The evidenceTwenty-two public service media organizations in 18 countries checked over 3,000 news answers from ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity; almost half had at least one significant issue and about a fifth had major accuracy problems. European Broadcasting Union, News Integrity in AI Assistants, Oct 21, 2025.
A stage says how far the evidence has got. It is not a rating of the AI and not advice.
- 1ClaimedNo evidence yet
- 2LaunchedNo evidence yet
- 3Independently testedPlaced here
- 4Tested with real peopleNo evidence yet
- 5Regulator-clearedNo approval process exists
- 6Widely used with a verified recordNo evidence yet
Everything we found.
In ladder order, newest first within each kind. Makers' own claims are labeled as theirs.
What independent tests found
- European Broadcasting Union, with 22 public service media organisations
Twenty-two public service media organizations in 18 countries checked over 3,000 news answers from ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity; almost half had at least one significant issue and about a fifth had major accuracy problems.
“Almost half of all AI answers had at least one significant issue.”
European Broadcasting Union, News Integrity in AI Assistants · Oct 21, 2025
Not found in our sources yet: what the makers claim; what has launched; tested with real people; how many people use it. No regulator approves AI for this task, so the approval step doesn't apply.
Track record and tools.
Failures and court cases are shown beside the stage, never folded into it. Tools are listed because the evidence names them, in no order of merit.
- ChatGPT
- Copilot
- Gemini
- Perplexity
Can AI do these yet?

Answer customer-service chats and calls
Stage 4 of 6Tested with real people
Field study of 5,179 support agents: AI assistant raised output 14%

Make scientific discoveries
Stage 3 of 6Independently tested
METR: AI-era maths results up somewhat; no clear algorithm speed-up

Read and understand a long document
Stage 3 of 6Independently tested
2024 book test: GPT-4o 55.8% on claims people found easy
